Explore VLSI design from specification and RTL to verification, physical layout and fabrication, with clear examples and skills for a beginner's first project.
Learn how an electric motor turns electrical energy into motion, compare common motor types, calculate output power and understand control and starting current.
Explore 11 types of sensors in electronics, how they measure physical changes, and how to compare outputs, accuracy and response time for practical projects.
Learn PCB design from schematic to finished board, including placement, routing, ground paths, design checks and manufacturing files for your first project.
Learn what an embedded system is, how its hardware and firmware work together, and explore common types, real examples and practical design steps for beginners.
Compare microprocessor vs microcontroller features, memory, power and software needs, with practical examples to help you choose the right chip for a project.
Learn how a microcontroller works, explore its CPU, memory and peripherals, and see practical uses, selection tips and a simple project for beginners.
