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1. Resistor (R)

Resistors do not change behavior with frequency. No matter the frequency of the signal (low or high), a resistor offers the same resistance.

• Behavior: Constant at all frequencies.

• Use: Controls current flow and voltage drop.

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2. Capacitor (C)

A capacitor blocks low-frequency signals and passes high-frequency signals.

• At low frequencies (or DC): Acts like an open circuit (blocks current).

• At high frequencies: Acts like a short circuit (allows current).

Think of it like a frequency gate—only high-frequency signals can get through easily.

• Capacitive Reactance (Xc) = 1 / (2πfC):

  • Higher frequency → Lower Xc → Easier for signal to pass.

  • Lower frequency → Higher Xc → Harder for signal to pass.

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3. Inductor (L)

An inductor passes low-frequency signals and blocks high-frequency signals.

• At low frequencies (or DC): Acts like a short circuit (easy flow).

• At high frequencies: Acts like an open circuit (resists flow).

Opposite of a capacitor.

• Inductive Reactance (Xl) = 2πfL:

  • Higher frequency → Higher Xl → More opposition to signal.

  • Lower frequency → Lower Xl → Less opposition.

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4. Filters (Built Using R, L, and C)

Filters are special circuits that selectively pass or block certain frequencies.

• Low-pass filter: Lets low frequencies pass, blocks high ones.

• High-pass filter: Lets high frequencies pass, blocks low ones.

• Band-pass filter: Passes only a range of frequencies.

• Band-stop filter: Blocks a certain range of frequencies.

These are made using combinations of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

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Real-Life Examples

• Speakers: Use filters to send bass to big woofers and treble to tweeters.

• Radios: Use filters to pick out your desired station frequency.

• Power supplies: Use capacitors to block noise (high-frequency signals).

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Summary:

• Capacitor: Blocks low, passes high.

• Inductor: Passes low, blocks high.

• Resistor: Unaffected by frequency.

• Filters: Combine these components to allow or block specific frequencies.

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